Thanks in advanced. Last edited by Lorina on Fri Mar 08, am, edited 1 time in total. Reason: topic heading has been edited. Re: Physical development theorists Post by Lorina » Tue Nov 27, pm This one had me stumped too, however I did find one theorist that focuses on physical development.
His name is Arnold Gesell Many can even hop on one foot for short periods of time. Also at this age 3 to 4 years , children develop better upper body mobility.
As a result, their catching and throwing abilities improve in speed and accuracy. In addition, they can typically hit a stationary ball from a tee with a bat. As whole body coordination improves, children of this age can now peddle and steer a tricycle. They can also kick a larger ball placed directly in front of their bodies. By ages 4 to 5, children can go up and down the stairs alone in the adult fashion i.
Their running continues to smooth out and increase in speed. Children of this age can also skip and add spin to their throws. They also have more control when riding their tricycles or bicycles , and can drive them faster. During ages 5 to 6, young children continue to refine earlier skills. Guest Posted February 22, Thanks Marion for re posting those links, sorry I deleted your post here is the other one you previously posted.
HERE Peggy. Marion 14 Posted February 23, Posted February 23, EmerSlattery 0 Posted April 20, Posted April 20, Hi all, I want to use that Bruner quote included on this thread.
Kind regards, Emer. Posted April 24, Hi, it's a very old thread Watson, Ivan Pavlov, and B. These theories deal only with observable behaviors. Development is considered a reaction to rewards, punishments, stimuli, and reinforcement.
This theory differs considerably from other child development theories because it gives no consideration to internal thoughts or feelings. Instead, it focuses purely on how experience shapes who we are.
Two important types of learning that emerged from this approach to development are classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves learning by pairing a naturally occurring stimulus with a previously neutral stimulus.
Operant conditioning utilizes reinforcement and punishment to modify behaviors. Cognitive theory is concerned with the development of a person's thought processes. It also looks at how these thought processes influence how we understand and interact with the world. Theorist Jean Piaget proposed one of the most influential theories of cognitive development. Piaget proposed an idea that seems obvious now, but helped revolutionize how we think about child development: Children think differently than adults.
His cognitive theory seeks to describe and explain the development of thought processes and mental states. It also looks at how these thought processes influence the way we understand and interact with the world. Piaget then proposed a theory of cognitive development to account for the steps and sequence of children's intellectual development. There is a great deal of research on the social development of children.
John Bowbly proposed one of the earliest theories of social development. Bowlby believed that early relationships with caregivers play a major role in child development and continue to influence social relationships throughout life. Bowlby's attachment theory suggested that children are born with an innate need to form attachments. Such attachments aid in survival by ensuring that the child receives care and protection.
Not only that, but these attachments are characterized by clear behavioral and motivational patterns. In other words, both children and caregivers engage in behaviors designed to ensure proximity. Children strive to stay close and connected to their caregivers who in turn provide a safe haven and a secure base for exploration. Researchers have also expanded upon Bowlby's original work and have suggested that a number of different attachment styles exist.
Children who receive consistent support and care are more likely to develop a secure attachment style, while those who receive less reliable care may develop an ambivalent, avoidant, or disorganized style.
Social learning theory is based on the work of psychologist Albert Bandura. Bandura believed that the conditioning and reinforcement process could not sufficiently explain all of human learning. For example, how can the conditioning process account for learned behaviors that have not been reinforced through classical conditioning or operant conditioning According to social learning theory, behaviors can also be learned through observation and modeling.
By observing the actions of others, including parents and peers, children develop new skills and acquire new information. Bandura's child development theory suggests that observation plays a critical role in learning, but this observation does not necessarily need to take the form of watching a live model. Instead, people can also learn by listening to verbal instructions about how to perform a behavior as well as through observing either real or fictional characters displaying behaviors in books or films.
Another psychologist named Lev Vygotsky proposed a seminal learning theory that has gone on to become very influential, especially in the field of education. Like Piaget, Vygotsky believed that children learn actively and through hands-on experiences. His sociocultural theory also suggested that parents, caregivers, peers and the culture at large were responsible for developing higher-order functions. In Vygotsky's view, learning is an inherently social process.
Through interacting with others, learning becomes integrated into an individual's understanding of the world. This child development theory also introduced the concept of the zone of proximal development, which is the gap between what a person can do with help and what they can do on their own. It is with the help of more knowledgeable others that people are able to progressively learn and increase their skills and scope of understanding.
As you can see, some of psychology's best-known thinkers have developed theories to help explore and explain different aspects of child development.
While not all of these theories are fully accepted today, they all had an important influence on our understanding of child development.
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